Illustrated Encyclopedia of Human Anatomic Variation: Opus II: Cardiovascular System
Ronald A. Bergman, PhD
Adel K. Afifi, MD, MS
Ryosuke Miyauchi, MD
Peer Review Status: Internally Peer Reviewed
B - Basilar artery, V - Vertebral artery
ORIGIN (O):Upper left - Usual, from both vertebrals in 85%; middle left - From right vertebral in 9%; Upper middle right - From left vertebral in 3 %; Upper right - From angle between two vertebrals in 3 %.
LEVEL OF FUSION (FL): Upper middle left, first two - Usual in 63%; Upper middle right - Set "decussation" in 31%; Upper middle right Absence of fusion in 6 %.
Lower Middle and Lower - Seven unusual variations.
redrawn from Stopford, 1916.
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