Illustrated Encyclopedia of Human Anatomic Variation: Part 1: Muscular System

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Ronald A. Bergman, PhD
Adel K. Afifi, MD, MS
Ryosuke Miyauchi, MD
Peer Review Status: Internally Peer Reviewed

Palmaris Longus

Varieties of Palmaris Longus.
from Reimann, et al.

Varieties of Palmaris Longus.
from Reimann, et al.

Varieties of Palmaris Longus.
from Reimann, et al.

Varieties of Palmaris Longus.
from Gruber, 1868, 1872.

Varieties of Palmaris Longus.
from Gruber, 1868, 1872.

Varieties of Palmaris longus.
from Gruber, 1868, 1872.

Doubled Palmaris Longus with a Flexor Digiti Minimi Accessorius.
from Saadeh and Bergman.

Palmaris longus substituting for the ring finger slip of flexor digitorum superficialis.
Labaratory specimen, University of Iowa.
From Cassell and Bergman. (1990)

Musculus comitans nervi mediani s. palmaris profundus

Musculus Comitans Nervi Mediani s. Palmaris Profundus
from Sahinoglu, et al.

Palmaris longus with and associated accessorius as flexorem digiti minimi muscle.
From Calori, 1867

Panniculus Carnosus

Sternalis.
from Calori.

Varieties of Sternalis Muscle.
from Turner, 1867.

Pectoralis Major and Pectoralis Minor

Pectoralis Major
(Leonardo da Vinci)

Pectoralis Major
Variation by a natural developmental division of the muscle into its "primative parts." compare this illustration with that of Leonardo (above) and note the similarity.
After Huntington.

Axillary Arch, Pectoralis Quartus, and Sternalis.
from Huntington, 1905

Tensor Semivaginae.
from Huntington, 1905.

Pectoralis Major and Infraspinatohumeralis (upper left)
from Leonardo da Vinici

Chondroepitrochlearis
from Calori, 1867.

Chondroepitrochlearis.
from Perrin, 1871a.

Chondroepitrochlearis and Dorsoepitrochlearis
from Perrin, 1871a

M. costoepitrochlearis and the absence of the manubrial, sternal, and costal heads of pectoralis major.
from Griffith, 1902

Note the absence of the manubrial, sternal, and costal portions of pectoralis major in the illustrations on the right and left sides of this figure(the illustration of the individual in the center has a congenital absence of the penis).

Chondrocoracoideus (Wood)
from Calori, 1867

A Case of Doubled Pectoralis Quartus, Axillary Arch and Chondroepitrochlearis.
AA, axillary arch; BNVD, brachial neurovascular bundle; CD, chondroepitrochlearis; LD, latissimus dorsi; PM, pectoralis major; and PQ, pectoralis quartus.
from Bergman.

Peroneus Brevis and Longus

Four Peronei in a Leg.
Two supernumerary peronei were found for the first time. One of these muscles arose between the two common peronei and inserted onto the peroneal trochlea of the os calacaneus. The second arose beneath peroneus brevis and its tendon inserted into the dorsal digital expansion of the fifth toe.
from R. Reimann, 1979.

Popliteus

Doubled popliteus.
from Calori, 1866.

Popliteus Biceps.
from Gruber, 1875.

Doubled Popliteus.
from Gruber, 1877.

Pronator Quadratus

Radialis Internus Brevis Biceps, Cubitocarpeus, and Supernumerary Head of Abductor Digiti Minimi.
n, radialis internus brevis biceps; n', larger head arose from the radius; n", smaller supernumerary head arose from the forearm aponeurosis; o, cubitocarpeus; p, supernumerary head of abductor digiti minimi.
from Gruber, 1872c.

Cubitoradiocarpien.
a,b, the two heads of cubitoradiocarpien. a, radial head; b, ulnar head; c, tendon of this muscle, insertion in two parts; d, radial eminence of the os trapezium, and e, palmar fascia of os trapezoideum. from Calori.

Pronator Teres

Pronator Teres Third Head.
from Barrett.

Pronator Teres, Accessory Head from Brachialis.
A dissected specimen from the University of Iowa College of Medicine.

Union of Biceps Brachii and Pronator Teres
source unknown to authors.

.

High Origin of Pronator Teres from Ligament of Struthers and Supracondylar Process of Humerus.
These illustrate potential entrappment sites for the brachial artery and the median nerve.
from Calori.

Psoas Minor

Psoas Minor, 1.
from Wagstaffe and Reid, 1875

Pubotransversalis

Muscle Pubotransversalis.
1, os pubis superior ramus; 2, adminiculum lineae albae; 3, m. rectus abdominis; 4, fascia transversalis; 5, inguinal canal; 6, inguinal ligament; 7, horizontal interfoveolar ligament; and 8, m. pubotransversalis
from Luschka.

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