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Anatomy Atlases: Illustrated Encyclopedia of Human Anatomic Variation: Opus III: Nervous System: Variations in Sympathetic Nerve Pathways to the Heart.

Illustrated Encyclopedia of Human Anatomic Variation: Opus III: Nervous System

Variations in Sympathetic Nerve Pathways to the Heart.

Ronald A. Bergman, PhD
Adel K. Afifi, MD, MS
Ryosuke Miyauchi, MD

Peer Review Status: Internally Peer Reviewed


"Fetus 11. The right superior cervical sympathetic cardiac nerve communicates with the vagus (arrow) and joins the middle cervical sympathetic cardiac nerve.

On both sides there is a distal intermediate ganglion on a middle cervical cardiac ramus (*, *), whilst the middle cervical sympathetic ganglion is lacking.

Fetus 12. The superior cervical sympathetic cardiac nerve is bilaterally absent. The right middle cervical ganglion lies at the upper limit of the ansa subclavia and provides the only cervical sympathetic cardiac ramus.

On the left side, the vertebral ganglion (*) is large and globular. "

From Ellison, J.P. and T.H. Williams. Sympathetic nerve pathways to the human heart, and their variations. Am. J. Anat. 124:149-162, 1969.

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