Illustrated Encyclopedia of Human Anatomic Variation: Opus V: Skeletal Systems: Cranium
Ronald A. Bergman, PhD
Adel K. Afifi, MD, MS
Ryosuke Miyauchi, MD
Peer Review Status: Internally Peer Reviewed
The lacrimal bone may be divided into two or more parts or fused with neighboring bones. This bone may exhibit so many minute foramina that it takes the appearance of a bony net.
It may be fused with or divided by the lamina papyracea. A contribution from the frontal bone has been reported.
The pars lacrimalis may be deficient and this may be filled by the frontal process of the maxilla.
In some cases the crest is reduced in size or absent.
The hamulus may be absent, represented by a fibrous band, or be unusually long. An enlarged hamulus may articulate with the maxillary process of the zygomatic bone. The hamulus is sometimes replaced by an ossicle; additional perilacrimal ossicles have also been reported associated with the lacrimal bone. The lacrimal hamulus is regarded as representing the remains of the facial part of the lacrimal bone present in some mammals.
The nasolacrimal duct may open into the middle meatus.
Also see Sphenoid Bone.
References
Flecker, H. (1914) Observations upon cases of absence of lacrimal bones and the existence of perilacrimal ossicles. J. Anat. Physiol. 48:52-72.
Fusari, R. (1897) Sur les différents mode de substitution de la partie postérieure de la lame papyraceé l'orbite de l'homme. Arch. Ital. Biol. 28:470-471.
Geddes, A.C. (1910) An abnormal nasal duct. Anat. Anz. 37:5-8.
Gérard, G. (1906) Notion d'un éperon lacymal antérieur. Assoc. Anatomistes Comptes Rendus 8:114-119.
Kopylow, M.B. (1930) Ein neues Verfahren zur röntgenologischen Darstellung des Canalis nasolacrimalis. Röntgenpraxis 2:686-692.
Thomson, A. (1890) The orbito-maxillary frontal suture in man and apes, with notes on the varieties of the human lachrymal bone. J. Anat. Physiol. 24:349-357.
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