Anatomy Atlases: Atlas of Human Anatomy in Cross Section: Section 1. Head and Neck

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Atlas of Human Anatomy in Cross Section: Section 1. Head and Neck

Plate 1.20

Ronald A. Bergman, Ph.D., Adel K. Afifi, M.D., Jean J. Jew, M.D., and Paul C. Reimann, B.S.
Peer Review Status: Externally Peer Reviewed

Upper Left Quadrant	Lower Left Quadrant	Lower Right Quadrant	Upper Right Quadrant
1. Nasal septum 2. Inferior concha 3. Nasolacrimal duct 4. Agger cells 5. Maxillary sinus 6. Pterygoid plexus of vv. 7. Infraorbital nerve, maxillary division trigeminal (CN 5) nerve 8. Medial pterygoid m. and auditory tube 9. Temporalis m. 10. Longus capitis m. 11. Deep temporal a. 12. Masseter m. 13. Lateral pterygoid m. 14. Levator veli palatini m. 15. Middle meningeal a. 16. Mandible, condylar neck 17. Rectus capitis anterior m. 18. Superficial temporal a. 19. Internal carotid a. 20. Sympathetic trunk	21. Spinal accessory (CN 11) nerve 22. Parotid gland 23. Glossopharyngeal (CN 9) and vagus (CN 10) nerves 24. Styloid process 25. Internal jugular v. 26. Mastoid process, temporal bone 27. Facial (CN 7) nerve 28. Digastric m., posterior belly 29. Basioccipital bone 30. Splenius capitis m. 31. Vertebral a. 32. Cerebellum, hemisphere 33. Rectus capitis posterior major m. 34. Rectus capitis posterior minor m. 35. Semispinalis capitis m. 36. Trapezius m.	37. Occipital bone 38. Restiform body (inferior cerebellar peduncle) 39. Medullary pyramid 40. Vertebral a. 41. Cerebellum, hemisphere 42. Splenius capitis m. 43. Sternocleidomastoid m. 44. Sigmoid sinus 45. Cranial nerves 9, 10, 11 in jugular foramen 46. Mastoid air cells 47. Jugular foramen and internal jugular v. 48. External auditory meatus 49. Facial nerve	50. External auditory meatus 51. Internal carotid a. 52. Temporomandibular joint capsule 53. Auditory (eustachian) tube 54. Longus capitis m. 55. Orbit, inferior edge 56. Ethmoidal bulla 57. Agger cells 58. Nasolacrimal duct 59. Inferior concha

This section passes through the inferior edge of the left orbit (55), nasolacrimal ducts (3, 58), agger cells (4, 57), ethmoidal bulla (56), maxillary sinus (5), inferior concha (2), basioccipital bone (29), and the posterior cranial fossa, which contains the cerebellar hemispheres (32, 41).

The following nerves can be identified: facial (CN 7) (27, 49), glossopharyngeal (CN 9), vagus (CN 10), spinal accessory (CN 11) (21, 23, 45), sympathetic trunk (20), and the infraorbital (7) nerve of the maxillary division of the trigeminal nerve (CN 5). This section cuts the medullary pyramids (39) and the cerebellar hemispheres (32, 41).

The muscles of mastication include the lateral pterygoid (13), masseter (12), temporalis (9), and the edge of the medial pterygoid (8). These four muscles are innervated by the trigeminal nerve (CN 5), mandibular division.

Vascular elements identified are internal carotid artery (19, 51), sigmoid sinus (44), vertebral arteries (31,40), internal jugular vein (25), superficial temporal artery (18), middle meningeal artery (15), deep temporal artery (11), and pterygoid plexus of veins (6).

The levator veli palatini muscle (14), which elevates the soft palate, is innervated by a pharyngeal branch of the vagus nerve. The tensor veli palatini (not seen in this section) is innervated by the motor part of the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve (CN 5), which passes through the otic ganglion. This muscle is different from the other muscles of the palate, and this difference is explained by its development from the mandibular arch.

Muscles of the head and neck include the sternocleidomastoid (43) and trapezius (36), which are innervated by the spinal accessory nerve (CN 11); splenius capitis (30, 42) and semispinalis capitis (35), which are innervated by the lateral division of the posterior primary rami of upper cervical nerves; rectus capitis anterior (17), which is innervated by the ventral division of the first or first and second cervical nerves; and longus capitis (10), which is innervated by direct branches from the anterior division of cervical nerves. The suboccipital muscles seen here include rectus capitis posterior major (33) and minor (34). All four suboccipital muscles (two are not seen in this section) are innervated by the posterior primary ramus of the suboccipital (first cervical) nerve.

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