Illustrated Encyclopedia of Human Anatomic Variation: Opus IV: Organ Systems: Respiratory System
Ronald A. Bergman, PhD
Adel K. Afifi, MD, MS
Ryosuke Miyauchi, MD
Peer Review Status: Internally Peer Reviewed
A foramen is commonly found near the upper lateral angle, a little below the superior tubercle of the thyroid cartilage, which transmits the superior laryngeal artery and rarely some fibers of the external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve. The foramen represents a cleft between the fourth and fifth branchial bars.
It is common for one of the superior horns to be shorter than the other, and also common for one to be absent, more frequently on the left side.
The thyroid cartilage may articulate with the hyoid bone.
Accessory thyrohyoid ligaments and additional or unusual cricothyroid articulations have been reported.
Saccular diverticula of the laryngeal ventricle are often reported. Additional bursae may be associated with muscles originating or inserting on the larynx.
The epiglottic cartilage may be rudimentary, with duplication of the mucosa substituting for cartilage.
References
Berger, W. (1928) Beitrag zur Frage der doppelton Stimmlippen. Zeitschr. f. Hals. -, Nasen, -u. Ohrenheilkunde 19:426-429.
Betti, U.A. (1899) Sur les rapports du larynx avec la colonne vertébral chez l'homme. Arch. Ital. Biol. 32:467.
Eberth, C.J. (1868) Hochgradiger Defect der Epigglottis. Arch Pathol. Anat. Physiol. Klin. Med. 43:135-136.
Frank, D.I. and M. Malev. (1939) Double vocal cords Arch. Otolaryngol. 29:713-129.
Gruber, W. (1874) über Kehlköpfe mit supernumeraren Articulationes crico-thyroideae. Arch. Anat. Physiol. Wissen. Med. 1874:454-462.
Gruber, W. (1874) über kehlköpfe mit einem supernumerären Processus medianus; und über andere mit supernumerären Tubercula lateralia am mittleren, zwischen den Gelenkwülsten gelagerten Abschnitte des oberen Randes der Lamina der Cartilago cricoidea. Arch. Anat. Physiol. Wissen. Med. 1874:463-466.
Gruber, W. (1874) über einen Kehlkopf des Menschen mit teilweise ausserhalb desselben gelagerten seitlichen Ventrikelsäcken - Sacci ventriculares extralaryngei laterales. Arch. Anat. Physiol. Wissen Med. 1874:606-632.
Gruber, W. (1875) Eine accidentelle Bursa mucosa des Musculus laryngo-pharyngeus am Cornu majus der Cartilago thyroidea. Arch. Anat. Physiol. Wissen. Med. 1875:590-592.
Gruber, W. (1876) Uber eine congenitale Articulatio hypothyroidea anomalo. Arch Anat. Physiol. Wissen. Med. 1875:753-756.
Gruber, W. (1876) Kehlkopf mit theilweise ausserhalb desselben gelagertem seitlichem Ventrikelsacke - Saccus ventricularis extralaryngeus lateralis - an der linken Seite. Arch. Pathol. Anat. Physiol. Klin. Med. 67:361-364.
Gruber, W. (1879) Kehlkopf mit teilweise ausserhalb desselben seitlich gelagertem Ventrikelsacke - Saccus ventricularis extralaryngeus lateralis dexter. Arch. Pathol. Anat. Physiol. Klin. Med. 78:106-107.
Lautenschlager, E. (1912) Ein Fall von Doppelbildung der Stimmbänder. Arch. f. Laryngol. u. Rhin. 26:706-707.
Leven, L. (1888) Blinde Endigung des Halstheiles der Speisenröhre und directe Fortsetzung ihrer Pars thoracica in die Luftröhre. Arch. Pathol. Anat. Physiol. Klin. Med. 114:553-556.
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