Illustrated Encyclopedia of Human Anatomic Variation: Opus IV: Organ Systems: Digestive System and Spleen
Ronald A. Bergman, PhD
Adel K. Afifi, MD, MS
Ryosuke Miyauchi, MD
Peer Review Status: Internally Peer Reviewed
Palatine tonsils exist as two types: pedunculated or buried. The pedunculated type is nearly spherical and attached by a small base to a shallow tonsillar sinus. The buried type is attached by a broad base to a deep sinus. If the buried type is abnormally enlarged the condition may be obscure by tonsillar folds.
According to a study by Shapiro, bifid uvula may be considered as a mircoform of a defect in fusion which, in its fullest expression results in cleft lip, cleft palate, or both. Reported estimates, according to Schwartz, et. al, range from 0.2% among blacks to 19% among Navajo Indian children. Americans of European heritage have an estimated frequency of about 1% to 2%. It appears that bifid uvula may occur as an isolated malformation (i.e., perhaps a normal variant); as a part of submucous cleft palate; or without a full submucous cleft but in association with other anatomical abnormalities often associated with submucous cleft palate.
References
Anson, B.J., Ed. (1966) Morris' Human Anatomy, 11th ed., The Blakiston Division, McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York.
Henle, J. (1868) Handbuch der Systematischen Anatomie., von Friedrich Vieweg und Sohn, Braunschweig.
Hollinshead, W.H. (1969) Anatomy for Surgeons. Hoeber Medical Division, Harper and Row., New York.
Huber, G.C. , Ed. (1930) Piersol's Human Anatomy, 9th ed., L.B. Lippincott Co., Philadelphia.
Latarjet, A. (1948) Testut's Traité d'Anatomie Humaine, 9th ed. G. Doin & Cie., Paris.
Schaefer, A.E., Symington, J. and T.H. Bryce. Eds. (1915) Quain's Anatomy, 11th ed., Longmans, Green, and Co., London.
Schwartz, R.H. Hayden, G.F. Rodriguez, W.J. Shprintzen, R.J. and J. W. Cassidy. (1985) The bifid uvula: Is it a marker for the otitis prone childe. Laryngoscope 95(9):1100-1102.
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