Illustrated Encyclopedia of Human Anatomic Variation: Opus III: Nervous System

Sympathetic Division

Ronald A. Bergman, PhD
Adel K. Afifi, MD, MS
Ryosuke Miyauchi, MD
Peer Review Status: Internally Peer Reviewed

• Cervical Rami Communicantes
• Superior Cervical Ganglion
• Superior Cardiac Nerve
• Middle Cervical Ganglion
• Inferior Cervical Ganglion
• First Thoracic Ganglion
• Cardiac Plexus
• Supreme Splanchnic Nerve
• Greater Splanchnic Nerve
• Lesser Splanchnic Nerve
• Least (Lowest) Splanchnic Nerve
• Lumbar Ganglia
• Sacral Ganglia

References for the Sympathetic Division

Allan, F.D. (1958) An analysis of the cervicothoracic visceral branches of the vagus and the sympathetic trunk in the presence of an anomalous right subclavian artery. Anat. Rec. 132:71-80.

Ashley, F.L. and B.J. Anson. (1946) The pelvic autonomic nerves in the male. Surg., Gynecol. Obstet. 82:598-608.

Atlas, L.N. (1940) A modified form of lumbar sympathectomy for denervating the blood vessels of the leg and foot; anatomic considerations. Ann. Surg. 111:117-125.

Atlas, L.N. (1942) Sympathetic denervation limited to the blood vessels of the leg and foot, 11. Ann. Surg. 116:476-479.

Beck, T.S. (1847) On the structure and functions of the sympathetic nervous system. Lancet 1:615-617.

Becker, R.F. and J.A. Grunt. (1957) The cervical sympathetic ganglia. Anat. Rec. 127:1-14.

Botar, J. (1933) Nouvelle orientation dans la systématisation du sympathique. Assoc. Anatomistes Comptes Rendus 28:85-101.

Boyd, J.D. and P.A.G. Monro. (1949) Partial retention of autonomic function after paravertebral sympathectomy. Lancet 2:892-895.

Cotte, G. et R. Noël. (1928) Sur l'existence de ganglion sympathiques dans le nerf présacré. Assoc Anatomistes Comptes Rendus 23:99.

Cowley, R.A. and G.H. Yeager. (1949) Observations on the lumbar sympathetic nervous system. Surgery 25:880-890.

Curtis, A.H., Anson, B.J., Ashley, F.L. and T. Jones. (1942) The anatomy of the pelvic autonomic nerves in relation to gynecology. Surg., Gynecol. Obstet. 75:743-750.

Edwards, E.A. (1951) Operative anatomy of the lumbar sympathetic chain. Angiology 2:184-198.

Edwards, L.F. and R.C. Baker. (1940) Variations in the formation of the splanchnic nerves in man. Anat. Rec. 77:335-342.

Ellison, J.P. and T.H. Williams. (1969) Sympathetic nerve pathways to the human heart and their variations. Am. J. Anat. 124:149-162.

Fawcett, E. (1895) An unusual mode and site of termination of the right sacral sympathetic cord. J. Anat. Physiol. 29:329.

Harmon, N.B. (1899) The pelvic splanchnic nerves: An examination into their range and character. J. Anat. Physiol. 33:386-399. Iwanow, G. (1927) Zur frage der Topographie der Paraganglien beim Menschen. Z. Anat. Entwicklungsgesch. 84:544-547.

Jit, I and R.N. Mukerjee. (1960) Observations on the anatomy of the human thoracic sympathetic chain and its branches; with an anatomical assessment of operations of hypertension. J. Anat. Soc. India 9:55-82.

Kirgis, H.D. and A. Kuntz (1942) In constant sympathetic neural pathways. Their relations to sympathetic denervation of upper extremity. Arch. Surg. 44:95-102.

Kochanowski, J. (1978) The vertebral loop in man. Folia Morphol. (Warsaw) 37:353-355.

Kuntz, A. and W.F. Alexander. (1050) Surgical implications of lower thoracic and lumbar independent sympathetic pathways. Arch. Surg. 61:1007-1018.

Monteiro, H. and A. Rodrigues. (1931) Sur les variations du nerf vertebral. Assoc. Anatomistes Comptes Rendus 26:406-419.

Potts, T.K. (1925) The main peripheral connections of the human sympathetic nervous system. J. Anat. 59:129-135.

Ranson, S. Anatomy of the sympathetic nervous system with reference to sympathectomy and ramisection. JAMA 86:1886-1890.

Ray, B.S. and A.D. Console (1948) Residual sympathetic pathways after paravertebral sympathectomy. J. Neurosurg. 5:23-50.

Real, K. (1871) Eine abnormität im Verhalten des Grenzstranges des Nervus sympatheticus. Arch. Anat. Physiol. Wissen. Med. 1871:180183.

Rodrigues, A. (1930) Communicating branches between the cervical sympathetic and the descendens cervicalis. J. Anat. 64:308-318.

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